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Research Articles Supporting An Integrative Approach
to the Treatment of Mental Health Disorders

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Mental Disorders  |  Mood Disorders  |  Eating Disorders  |  Sleep Disorders  |  Food Allergies  |  Toxic Chemicals  |  Other

Mental Disorders

1. Usefulness of HPHPA marker in a wide range of neurological, gastrointestinal, and psychiatric disorders
   By William Shaw, Ph.D.
2. The Role of Cholesterol in Autism
   By William Shaw, Ph.D.
3. The Unique Vulnerability of the Human Brain to Toxic Chemical Exposure and the Importance of Toxic Chemical Evaluation and Treatment in Orthomolecular Psychiatry
   Shaw, W., Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine Vol 25, No 3, 2010
4. The tomato effect
   By James Greenblatt, M.D.
5. National patterns in antidepressant medication treatment.
   Arch Gen Psychiatry, August 2009
6. Evaluation of outcomes with Citalopram for depression using measurement-based care in STAR*D: Implications for clinical practice.
   Madhukar, T., Am J Psychiatry. 2006; 163; 28-40
   
7. Clinical features of treatment-resistant depression.
   Kornstein & Schneider. J Clin Psychiatry 2001
8. The use of referenced-EEG (rEEG) in assisting medication selection for the treatment of depression.
   DeBattista, C., et al., J Psychiatric Res, 2010.
9. Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behaviour of young adult prisoners.
   Gesch, C.B., et al. (2002). British Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 22-28
10. Science and society: Brain foods: the effects of nutrients on brain function
    Gómez-Pinilla, F. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 568-578 (July 2008)
11. Maternal nutrient supplementation counteracts bisphenol A-induced DNA hypomethylation in early development.
    Dolinoy, DC, D Huang and RL Jirtle. 2007.
12. Maternal genistein alters coat color and protects Avy mouse offspring from obesity by modifying the fetal epigenome.
    Dolinoy, et al., Environ Health Perspect, 2006
13. Fooling Mother Nature: Epigenetics and novel treatments for psychiatric Disorders.
    Stahl, S. (2010). CNS Spectrum, 15(4): 220-230
14. Omeprazole therapy causes malabsorption of cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)
    Marcuard, S.P., et al. (1994). Ann Intern Med, 120:211-215
15. What are the psychiatric manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency?
    Hector M, Burton JR. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1988
16. Vitamin B12 levels are low in hospitalized psychiatric patients.
    Silver H. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci, 2000
17. Adjuvant aspirin therapy reduces symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: results from randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
    Laan, et al., J Clin Psychiatry, 2010
18. Rapid recovery from major depression using Magnesium treatment.
    Eby E, Eby K, Medical Hypotheses, 2006
19. Is it time to trial vitamin D supplements for the prevention of schizophrenia?
    McGrath, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 2010
20. Serum cholesterol levels and suicidal tendencies in psychiatric inpatients.
    Modai, et al., J Clin Psychiatry, 1994
21. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids for indicated prevention of psychotic disorders: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
    Amminger, et al., Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2010
22. Low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) among psychiatric out-patients in Sweden: relations with season, age, ethnic origin and psychiatric diagnosis.
    Humble, et al., J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 2010
23. Tourette’s syndrome: a cross sectional study to examine the PANDAS hypothesis.
    Church, et al., J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2003
24. Identification of pyruvate kinase as an antigen associated with Tourette syndrome.
    Kansy, et al., J Neuroimmunol, 2006
25. Neuronal surface glycolytic enzymes are autoantigen targets in post-streptococcal autoimmune CNS disease.
    Dale, et al., J Neuroimmunol, 2006
26. A case of pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections.
    Perlmutter, et al., Am J Psychiatry, 1998
27. Ingested probiotics reduce nasal colonization with pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, and beta-hemolytic streptococci).
    Gluck, et al., Am J Nutr, 2003
28. Increased urinary excretion of analogs of Krebs cycle metabolites and arabinose in two brothers with autistic features.
    Shaw, et al., Clin Chem, 1995
29. Assessment of antifungal drug therapy in autism by measurement of suspected microbial metabolites in urine with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
    Shaw, et al., Clinical Practice of Alternative Medicine Magazine, 2000
30. Increased urinary excretion of a 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropionic acid (HPHPA), an abnormal phenylalanine metabolite of clostridia spp. In the gastrointestinal tract, in urine samples from patients with autism and schizophrenia.
    Shaw W. Nutr Neurosci, 2010
31. Short-term benefit from oral vancomycin treatment of regressive-onset autism.
    Sandler, et al., J Child Neurol, 2000
32. Research suggests link between pesticides and brain disease.
    Gunderson D. Minnesota Public Radio, 2006
33. Implications of the kynurenine pathway and quinolinic acid in Alzheimer’s disease.
    Guillemin and Brew. Redox Rep, 2002
34. Long-term occupational exposure and the diagnosis of dementia.
    Freed and Kandel. Neurotoxicology. 1988
35. Solvent exposure as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease: a case-control study.
    Kukull, et al., Am J Epidemiol, 1995
36. Toxicant exposure and mental health-individual, social, and public health considerations.
    Genius SJ.  J Forensic Sci, 2009
37. Mitochondria, metabolic disturbances, oxidative stress and the kynurenine system, with focus on neurodegenerative disorders.
    Sas, et al., J Neurol Sci, 2007
38. Cognitive decline as a manifestation of mitochondrial disorders (mitochondrial dementia).
    Finsterer J. J Neurol Sci, 2008
39. The reaction of hyaluronic acid and its monomers, glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine, with reactive oxygen species.
    Jahn, et al., Carbohydr Res, 1999
40. Hyaluronidase and chondroitin sulphatase production by different species of Candida.
    Shimzu, et al., Medical Mycology, 1995
41. Effectiveness of nystatin in polysymptomatic patients. A randomized, double-blind trial with nystatin versus placebo in general practice.
    Santelmann, et al., Fam Pract, 2001
42. Function of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in the nervous system.
    Bourre, et al., Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 1993
43. Natural Products in the Clinical Treatment of Mental Illness: A Profile of Dr. James Greenblatt, M.D.
    By Joe Leonard
44. ADHD
    By James Greenblatt, M.D.
45. Nutritional Supplements in ADHD
    By James Greeblatt, M.D., Letter to the Editor of J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 38:10, October 1999
46. Nutritional Treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The Hype and the Hope - A Review of Current Research
    By James Greenblatt, M.D. and Gina L. Nick, Ph.D., N.D.
47. Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins as an Alternative Treatment for ADHD: A Case Study
    By James Greenblatt, M.D.
48. Pycnogenol for ADHD?
    By Steven W. Heimann, M.D., Letter to the Editor of J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 38:4, April 1999
49. The Complete Assessment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
    By James Greenblatt, M.D.
50. The Complete Assessment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
    By James Greenblatt, M.D.

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Mood Disorders

1. The Depressing News About Antidepressants (PDF)
   Begley, S., Newsweek, February 8, 2010
2. Rapid recovery from major depression using Magnesium treatment.
   Eby E, Eby K, Medical Hypotheses, 2006
3. Vitamin B12 deficiency and depression in physically disabled older women: epidemiologic evidence from the Women’s Health and Aging Study.
   Penninx, et al., Am J Psychiatry 2000
4. The utility of laboratory screening in medically ill patients with psychiatric symptoms
   Catalano, et al., Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 2001
5. A routine CBC leads to a non-routine diagnosis
   Middleman and Melchiono, Adolesc Med, 1996
6. A case of mania secondary to vitamin B12 deficiency
   Goggans, American Journal of Psychiatry, 1984
7. T-helper 1/T-helper 2 cytokine imbalance and clinical phenotypes of acute-phase major depression
   Huang and Lee, Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2007
8. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance in major depression: effect of sertraline therapy
   Sutcigil, et al., Clin Dev Immunol, 2007
9. The effects of tryptophan depletion on mood and psychiatric symptoms
   Van der Does, Journal of Affective Disorders, 2001
10. Dietary tyrosine benefits cognitive and psychomotor performance during body cooling
    O’Brien, et al., Physiology & Behavior, 2007
11. Enhancement of the antidepressant action of fluoxetine by folic acid: a randomized, placebo controlled trial
    Coppen and Bailey, Journal of Affective Disorders, 2000
12. Folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine in major depressive disorder
    Fava, et al., Am J Psychiatry, 1997
13. Serum folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine in major depressive disorder, Part 1: predictors of clinical response in fluoxetine-resistant depression.
    Papakostas, et al., J Clin Psychiatry, 2004
14. Is low folate a risk factor for depression? A meta-analysis and exploration of heterogeneity.
    Gilbody, et al. J Epidemiol Community Health, 2007
15. Folic acid and the treatment of depression.
    Abou-Saleh & Copper, J Psychosom Res, 2006
16. Folate and colorectal cancer: an evidence-based critical review.
    Kim, Mol Nutr Food Res, 2007
17. Dietary folate and vitamin B12 intake and cognitive decline among community-dwelling older persons.
    Morris, et al., Arch Neurol, 2005
18. Serum homocysteine levels and cognitive functioning in euthymic bipolar patients.
    Dias, et al., J Affective Disorders, 2009
19. S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors for antidepressant nonresponders with major depressive disorder: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial.
    Papakostas, et al., Am J Psychiatry, 2010
20. Zinc: the new antidepressant?
    Levenson, Nutr Rev, 2006
21. Effect of zinc supplementation on antidepressant therapy in unipolar depression: a preliminary placebo-controlled study.
    Nowak, Pol J Pharmacol, 2003
22. Zinc supplementation augments efficacy of imipramine in treatment resistant patients: a double blind, placebo-controlled study.
    Siwek, et al., J Affect Disord, 2009
23. Truncated beta-amyloid peptide channels provide an alternative mechanism for Alzheimer’s disease and Down syndrome.
    Jang, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2010
24. Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
    Stoll, et al., Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1999
25. Reduced mania and depression in juvenile bipolar disorder associated with long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation.
    Clayton, et al., Eur J Clin Nutr, 2009
26. Folic acid efficacy as an alternative drug added to sodium valproate in the treatment of acute phase of mania in bipolar disorder: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.
    Behzadi, et al., Acta Psychiatr Scand, 2009
27. Successful treatment of bipolar disorder II and ADHD with micronutrient formula: a case study.
    Rucklidge and Harrison, CNS Spectr, 2010
28. Effect of lithium maintenance on suicidal behavior in major mood disorders.
    Tondo, et al., Ann NY Acad Sci, 1997
29. Lithium modifies brain arachidonic and docosahexaenoic metabolism in rat lipopolysaccharide model of neuroinflammation.
    Basselin, et al., J Lipid Res, 2010
30. Low serum cholesterol in suicide attempters.
    Kunugi, et al., Biol Psychiatry, 1997
31. Association of low serum total cholesterol with major depression and suicide.
    Partonen, et al., Br J Psychiatry, 1999
32. Low serum cholesterol and external-cause mortality: potential implications for research and surveillance.
    Boscarino, et al., J Psychiatr Res, 2009
33. Low serum HDL-cholesterol levels are associated with long symptom duration in patients with major depressive disorder.
    Lehto, et al., Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2010
34. Omega-3 treatment of childhood depression: a controlled, double-blind pilot study.
    Nemets, et al., Am J Psychiatry, 2006
35. Omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder: A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
    Su, et al., Eur Neuropsychoparmacol, 2003
36. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on depressive symptoms and on health-related quality of life in the treatment of elderly women with depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial.
    Rondanelli, et al., J Am Coll Nutr, 2010
37. Omega-3 polyunsaturated essential fatty acid status as a predictor of future suicide risk.
    Sublette, et al., Am J Psychiatry, 2006
38. Depression and serum adiponectin and adipose omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in adolescents.
    Mamalakis, et al., Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2006
39. Reduced mania and depression in juvenile bipolar disorder associated with long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation.
    Clayton, et al., Eur J Clin Nutr, 2009
40. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment of women with borderline personality disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study.
    Zanarini, et al., Am J Psychiatry, 2003
41. Blood lead levels and major depressive disorder, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder in US young adults.
    Bouchard, et al., Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2009
42. The role of catecholamines, 5-hydroxytryptamine and m-tyramine in the behavioural effects of m-tyrosine in the rat.
    Dyck, et al., Eur J Pharmacol, 1982
43. Chronic intestinal candidiasis as a possible etiological factor in the chronic fatigue syndrome.
    Cater RE, Med Hypotheses, 1995
44. Increased number of Candida albicans in the faecal microflora of chronic fatigue syndrome patients during the acute phase of illness.
    Evengard, et al., Scan J Gastroenerol, 2007
45. Differential effects of cholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol on ligand binding of solubilized hippocampal serotonin1A receptors: implications in SLOS.
    Chattopadhyay, et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2007
46. Seasonal genetic influence on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels: a twin study.
    Snellman, et al., PLoS One, 2009
47. Association between low plasma levels of cholesterol and relapse in cocaine addicts.
    Buydens-Branchey L, Branchey M. Psychosom Med, 2003
48. Omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder
    Freeman MP. J Clin Psychiatry, 2009
49. Folate in depression: efficacy, safety, differences in formulations and clinical issues
    Fava, M and Mischoulon, D. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009
50. The efficacy of omega-3 supplementation for major depression: a randomized controlled trial
    Lesperance, et al., J Clin Psychiatry, 2010
51. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on depressive symptoms and on health-related quality of life in the treatment of elderly women with depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial
    Rondanelli, et al., J Am Coll Nutr, 2010

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Eating Disorders:

1. Beyond the Basics – New Approaches to Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa
   By James M. Greenblatt, M.D., Chief Medical Officer, Walden Behavioral Care
2. Clinical Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa Merits More Attention
   By James M. Greenblatt, M.D., Chief Medical Officer, Walden Behavioral Care
3. Excess mortality, causes of death and prognostic factors in anorexia nervosa.
   Papadopoulos, et al., Br J Psychiatry, 2009
4. Three psychotherapies for anorexia nervosa: a randomized, controlled trial.
   McIntosh, et al., Am J Psychiatry, 2005
5. A retrospective study of SSRI treatment in adolescent anorexia nervosa: insufficient evidence for efficacy.
   Holtkamp, et al., J Psychiatr Res, 2005
6. Fluoxetine after weight restoration in anorexia nervosa: a randomized controlled trial.
   Walsh, et al., JAMA, 2006
7. Puberty moderates genetic influence on disordered eating.
   Klump, et al., Psychol Med, 2007
8. Zinc deficiency in anorexia nervosa.
   Katz, et al., J Adolesc Health Care, 1987
9. Oral zinc supplementation in anorexia nervosa.
   Safai-Kutti, Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl, 1990
10. Zinc status before and after zinc supplementation of eating disorder patients.
    McClain, et al., J Am Coll Nutr, 1992
11. Zinc deficiency and childhood-onset anorexia nervosa.
    Lask, et al., J Clin Psychiatry, 1993
12. Controlled trial of zinc supplementation in anorexia nervosa.
    Birmingham, et al., Int J Eat Disord. 1994
13. Anorexia nervosa responding to zinc supplementation: a case report.
    Yamaguchi, et al., Gastroenterol Jpn, 1992
14. A pilot open case series of ethyl-EPA supplementation in the treatment of anorexia nervosa.
    Ayton, et al., Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 2004
15. Eating disorders: hope despite mortal risk.
    Kaye, W. Am J Psychiatry, 2009
16. A peptide found in schizophrenia and autism causes behavioral changes in rats.
    Sun, et al., Autism, 1999
17. Urinary peptide levels in women with eating disorders. A pilot study.
    Hellzen, et al., Eat Weight Disord, 2003
18. Double-blind, controlled trial of Inositol treatment of depression.
    Levine, et al., Am J Psychiatry, 1995
19. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of inositol treatment for panic disorder.
    Benjamin, et al., Am J Psychiatry, 1995
20. Double-blind, controlled, crossover trial of inositol versus fluvoxamine for the treatment of panic disorder.
    Palatnik, et al., J Clin Psychopharmacol, 2001
21. Inositol treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
    Fux, et al., Am J Psychiatry, 1996
22. Effect of Inositol on bulimia nervosa and binge eating.
    Gelber, et al., Int J Eat Disord, 2001
23. Neurochemical individuality: genetic diversity among human dopamine and serotonin receptors and transporters.
    Cravchik A, Golman D. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2000

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Sleep Disorders:

1. A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, prospective clinical study to demonstrate the clinical efficacy of a fixed valerian hops extract combination (Ze 91019) in patients suffering from non-organic sleep disorder.
   Koetter, et al., Phytother Res, 2007
2. Can valerian improve the sleep of insomniacs after benzodiazepine withdrawal?
   Poyares, et al., Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 2002
3. Niacinamide’s potent role in alleviating anxiety with its benzodiazepine-like properties: a case report.
   Prousky, JE, Orthomol Med, 2004
4. The effects of magnesium physiological supplementation on hyperactivity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Positive response to magnesium oral loading test.
   Starobrat-Hermelin B, Kozielec T, Magnes Res, 1997

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Food Allergies:

1. New insight into the solution structures of wheat gluten proteins from Raman optical activity.
   Blanch, et al., Biochemistry, 2003
2. Intestinal digestive resistance of immunodominant gliadin peptides.
   Hausch, et al., Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 2002
3. Advances in celiac disease and gluten-free diet.
   Niewinski NM, J AM Diet Assoc, 2008
4. Gluten sensitivity as a neurological illness.
   Hadjivassiliou, et al., J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2002
5. Frontal cortical perfusion abnormalities related to gluten intake and associated autoimmune disease in adult celiac disease: 99m Tc-ECD brain SPECT study.
   Usai, et al., Dig Liver Dis, 2004
6. Depression in adult untreated celiac subjects: diagnosis by the pediatrician.
   Corvaglia, et al., Am J Gastroenterol, 1999
7. Alterations in plasma dipeptidyl peptidase IV enzyme activity in depression and schizophrenia: effects of antidepressants and antipsychotic drugs.
   Maes, et al., Acta Psychiatr Scand, 1996
8. Lower activity of serum peptidases in abstinent alcohol-dependant patients.
   Maes, et al., Alcohol, 1999
9. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV and adenosine deaminase activity. Decrease in depression.
   Elgun, et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology, 1999
10. Autism and Schizophrenia: Intestinal Disorders
    Cade, et al., Nutritional Neuroscience, 2000
11. Beta-casomorphin induces fos-like immunoreactivity in discrete brain regions relevant to schizophrenia and autism.
    Sun, et al., Autism, 1999
12. Innate immunity associated with inflammatory responses and cytokine production against common dietary proteins in patients with autism spectrum disorder.
    Jyonouchi, et al., Neuropsychobiology, 2002
13. Gliadin stimulates human monocytes to production of IL-8 and TNF-alpha through a mechanism involving NF-kappaB.
    Jelinkova, et al., FEBS Lett, 2004
14. Critical analysis of the diets of chronic juvenile offenders.
    Schauss, et al., J Orthomolecular Psychiatry, 1979
15. Higher plasma concentration of food-specific antibodies in persons with autistic disorder in comparison to their siblings.
    Trajkovski, et al., Focus on Autism, 2008
16. Food allergy and infantile autism.
    Lucarelli, et al., Panminerva Med, 1995

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Toxic Chemicals:

1. Neuropsychological dysfunction related to earlier occupational exposure to mercury vapor.
   Zachi, et al., Braz J Med Biol Res, 2007
2. Long-term air pollution exposure is associated with neuroinflammation, an altered innate immune response, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, ultrafine particulate deposition, and accumulation of amyloid beta-42 and alpha-synuclein in children and young adults.
   Calderon-Garciduenas, et al., Toxicol Pathol, 2008
3. An anthropological approach to the evaluation of preschool children exposed to pesticides in Mexico.
   Guillette, et al., Environ Health Perspect, 1998
4. Medications as a source of human exposure to phthalates.
   Hauser, et al., Environ Health Perspect, 2004

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Other:

1. Origins of and Recognition of Micronutrient Deficiencies After Gastric Bypass Surgery
   Bal BS, et al., Curr Diab Rep., 2010
2. Dr. Greenblatt's Interview with Latitudes
3. Functional Psychiatry
   By Dr. James Greenblatt, M.D.
4. Ten Warning Signs of Good Health

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